The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK

This essay provides a critical analysis of the major developments that guide the future growth of tour and travel industry. It forms a discussion of the major factors affecting future of the tourism industry in United Kingdom, through study of factors that cause current effects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research problem is an analysis of prospective effects and developments on future tourism particularly in United Kingdom, in relation to various international tourism industries. The study is significant due to the reason that there are various dynamic global approaches towards tourism and recently embraced technologies. The analysis also covers issue of economical impact of tourism practices to United Kingdom. This calls for an examination of what determines future outcomes and anticipatable changes. Lastl y, the research topic addresses the issue of new and anticipated strategies to secure the future of the industry. This means that the main purpose of this study is to evaluate various effects on future of tourism industry in United Kingdom. Some of the issues emerging from the study involve responsibility and conservation care accorded to natural and cultural heritage at various destinations. Secondly, the research will analyse aviation practices and effects on culture and ecology. Lastly, the study forms a critic on decisions and visions of tourism industry. People especially in the U.K. lack rationale or reason for visiting a chosen destiny. This is a major concern to future tourism because there is poor promotion of excellent local destinies. According to Urry (2002, p.59) and Theobald (1998, p.22), Tourism Council surveys indicates that most UK tourists do not considering possible personal gains or benefits of local visits. Availability of resources often determines travelling p lans and choices. In line with Urry’s analysis (2002, p.59), tourists are willing to venture deeper into meaning and discover foreign cultural experiences. The new trend is thus a possible prediction for appreciation and support for distinctive local cultures considering the major commercial industries in UK. People lack rationale for local tourism. As Whittingdale predicts (2007, p.36), analysis of tourism trends in the UK shows that people are forced into ‘geo-local’ tourism due to high economic costs.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ability to take into account purpose before travel would thus increase local travel. Low local tourism cause despair, but future predictions, shows that number of local visitors is increasing steadily. Haven-Tang and Jones’ view on tourism SMEs in UK (2005, p.293) and Appiah-Adu et al study (2000, p.96) presents pu rpose of quality service delivery and competition in the industry. Predicted local tourism is a major boost to alternative means of travel. As stated by Lumsdon and Page, (2004, p.100), the escalating costs of travel calls for alternative and cheaper means. If people can appreciate their locally available tourist destinations, then increased use of cheaper means of transport such as trains would emerge. Forsyth (1995, p.210) Burns and Novelli’s literature (2007, p.212), indicate that the future of tourism industry in UK depends on sustainability measures. Local tourism will definitely foster future support for better investments for alternative low-costs means of transport. Today, climate and ecosystem changes have devastating impact on the tourism industry. Current analysis indicates that UK travellers are concern with comfort, security and alternatives means (Cooper, 2005, p.14). This is a great threat to the future of tourism. There is negligence over the issue of managing tourists. If environmental costs exceed the economical gain, then in future, administrators need to place more focus on types of tourism practices for maximum economical, social and environmental gains. There are high hopes that the future of tourism will be sustainable and cultural ideal. Current major threat involves lack of enough support for local uniqueness and distinctiveness. Utopia destiny is a collection of ideas for a sustainable future. According to Cooper (2005, p.14), â€Å"ideal tourist destiny sparks ideas that are more creative and inspiring.† References Appiah-Adu, K., Fyall, A., Singh, S. April 2000. Marketing Culture and Customer  Retention in the Tourism Industry. [Online] The Service Industries Journal, Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 95 – 113. Web. Burns, P., Novelli, M. 2007. Tourism and politics: global frameworks and local  realities. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Factors Affecting F uture of the Tourism Industry in UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cooper, C.P. et al. 2005. Tourism: Principles and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Forsyth, T. 1995. Business attitudes to sustainable tourism: Self-regulation in the UK  outgoing tourism industry. Web.  London, UK Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 3, Issue 4 1995 , pages 210 – 231. Web. Haven-Tang, C., Jones E. 2005. Tourism SMEs, service quality, and destination  competitiveness. Oxford, UK: CABI Publishers. Lumsdon, L., And Page, S. (2004). Tourism and transport: Issues and Agenda for  the new millennium. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Publishers. Theobald, W. (998). Global Tourism. (Second Ed). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers. Urry, J. (2002) The Tourist Gaze (2nd Ed). London: Sage. Whittingdale, J. (October 23, 2007). Tourism: Report, together with formal minutes,  House of Commons, Media and Sports Committee. Vol 2. London: The Sta tionery Office.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Major Factors Affecting Future of the Tourism Industry in UK was written and submitted by user Branden Fuentes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Classic Stereotype of the Native american essays

The Classic Stereotype of the Native american essays There are approximately 2 million American Indians and Alaska Natives living in the U.S. They fall into about 300 different tribal or language groups. Alcohol abuse has caused compounded problems for these people. The problems also have led to an unfortunate stereotype of these people. This stereotype perpetuates the image that all Indian people are afflicted with alcohol problems. No one really pays attention to the vast number of Indian people who are sober and live productive lives (Oetting and Beauvais 1989). Before the Europeans arrived and started to colonize, there were no alcoholic beverages like there are today. Some tribes produced a weak beer or other fermented beverages for ceremonial purposes only. When European colonists suddenly made large amounts of spirits and wine available to the Indians, the tribes had little time to develop social, legal, or moral guidelines to regulate alcohol use. Colonists often used it to establish trade for highly sought after animal skins and other resources. Traders found that serving alcohol at trade meetings gave them a distinct advantage in their negotiations (Liban and Smart 1982; Silk-Walker 1988). Extreme intoxication became more frequent in the inexperienced Indian populations. Numerous historical accounts describe violent bouts of drinking among tribes during trading sessions and on other occasions. History may have therefore sown the seeds for prevalence of alcohol abuse in the North American indigenous population. Early demand, with no regulation and strong encouragement, may have contributed to a tradition of heavy alcohol use passed down from generation to generation, which has led to the current high level of alcohol-related problems (May and Moran 1995). There is a history of the introduction of foreign intoxicants by dominant or conquering cultures. Perhaps the most often noted example, in addition to the effect...

Library Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Library Assignment - Essay Example All the same, this was never the key source of error. In the year, 1963 Price proceeded to work making use of several data in abstract compendia for the years 1907 to 1960. The study conducted in the years 1907 and 2007 by use of available statistics from several literature databases, Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and the Science Citation Index (SCI) have indicated findings relating to the Growth rate of scientific publications. Significantly, the intention of the study was to give information regarding the growth and development of Scientific Publications (Garfield, 27). The study is descriptive in that; it gives descriptive data on which the research was based on and also includes the statistical processes used in the description of the population in the study. The findings from the study assist in organization and data description. The variables involved were the data from the traditional scientific publishing. Traditional scientific publishing; publications in peer-reviewed journals, is still considered to be increasing though there are large variance between some sectors. There exist no signs that the growth rate has decreased within the past 50 years. At the same time, publications making use of channels, for instance, open archives, home pages and conference proceedings are reported to be developing at a higher rate. The growth rate for the SCI was compensating a declining section of the traditional scientific literature (Garfield, 29). There also exist some open signs that the compensation by the SCI is generally minimal in a section of the scientific areas with the largest development rate involving engineering and computer sciences. From the reading, it is obvious that the populace being considered are the humans, and this is with respect to how they rate the scientific publications. The common characteristics of this

Social Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Social Issues - Essay Example This was however refuted by the campaign group Crisis, which warns that people are merely moving from the streets into temporary shelters and then moving back onto the streets again (www.bbc.co.uk, 2001). Recent statistics reveal that there may be still be vast numbers of homeless people still populating UK’s streets. In evaluating the trends over time, about two thirds of homeless people in general were single persons over the age of 25 rather than members with families. In England, the number of people recognized officially as being homeless in the year 2007 was 99,500, and this revealed a decreasing trend. The current figure was half of what the figures were in the year 2004 and well below the high numbers that existed a decade ago(www.crisis.org.uk). Similar trends were not however, reported in Wales and Scotland. In the case of the fomer, the number of households recognized as officially newly homeless were 9300, which is an increase from the values of 2004. The homelessness trend has been fluctuating in Wales, it rose sharply from 2001 to 2004, then dropped sharply up to 2007 when it registered another increase. An increasing trend was also displayed in Scotland; the num ber of households which were categorized as newly homeless were 41,00 which are actually a third higher than they were a decade ago. Most people have little sympathy for homeless people, because they believe that these individuals deliberately choose to adopt this option so that they can scrounge off the sympathy and assistance of kindly folk. But as was pointed out in the BBC news item cited above, homelessness is like a vicious cycle because it creates its own set of problems. The failure to be able to demonstrate the existence of a permanent address means that such individuals are also not able to get jobs to earn money for themselves, which in turn, only leads to a higher incidence of homelessness.

Analysis of the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis of the Media - Essay Example Occasionally, ridiculous plans will spring up to send them back to Britain – and these plans usually involve the radio transmitter (which is where the show gets its name) (BBC 2010). While all of this is going on, Rene is pretending to be his own identical twin (also named Rene), because he actually created a ruse about his own death to keep the SS away from him. This means that his wife is masquerading as his â€Å"widow,† who occasionally fields advances from potential suitors and who more often tries to entertain the patrons with her singing. Because her voice is so awful, though, customers either just leave or shove some cheese into their ears to avoid the maelstrom. In the meantime, Rene is carrying on with his waitresses; Edith generally finds out, but Rene can always talk his way out of the situation. This is helpful for him, because the gay German Lieutenant Gruber, as well as the attractive females in the communist resistance are always making advances toward h im. The episodes run consecutively, with the plot continuing from one episode to the next, but it is possible to watch each one and enjoy it independently. When each new episode begins, Rene shows up at the beginning, narrating the past events to the audience and bringing them up to date on his latest imbroglio (Brown 2008). When it comes to the structuring of the comedy, 'Allo 'Allo! emerges as part of a genre that appeared on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in the decades after World War II. Hogan's Heroes, an American program, was one of the first television series that was able to use the Nazi machine as a source of comedy. The bumbling Colonel Klink, the commandant of Stalag 13, was constantly outwitted by his... The interplay between Basil and his wife, Sybil, serves up some of the most memorable comedic moments in the show. While she might agree, at least in principle, with his desire to make the hotel a more upscale establishments, she disagrees loudly (and sometimes violently) with his schemes. When Basil is trying a new idea, he usually gets Polly (the maid) or Manuel to help him – and to hide the truth from Sybil. Despite the anger that courses between them, though, it is clear that there is still some tenderness between them. â€Å"The Anniversary† is all about Basil's attempt to put together a surprise party for her (which goes awry when he pretends to forget the significance of the day, in order to make it even more of a surprise to her, and she storms out). However, Sybil is not a flat terror; instead, she often has the better hand when it comes to managing the hotel, particularly when there are difficult customers to be dealt with. There are other times, though, when she is talking loudly on the phone in the middle of a very busy scene at the hotel, and her braying laugh and loud voice make her a source o annoyance to others on the show.Manuel may be one of the most memorable characters from the show. From Barcelona, he still has only a limited grasp of British customs – and the English language.

Describe what leadership is and all the relevant leadership styles

Describe what leadership is and all the relevant leadership styles There are various definitions and concepts by a variety of people it comes to defining leadership. According to G a Cole leadership is a dynamic process in a group whereby one individual influences the others contribute voluntarily to the achievement of group tasks in a given situation. Leadership engages other people, for example subordinates. The role of the leader is to direct subordinates towards set goals or aims and objectives of the group or the business. Subordinates help define a leaders status by how much there are willing to listen and accept direction from the leader. Weak leaders tend to have no respect from group members and find it hard if not impossible to direct them. Leadership involves an unequal division of power between the people or person in charge and group members. This allows order and coordination within a group or organisation if there is one clear leader, employees will know who to refer to for confirmation on decisions or when problems arise. It should be noted however that some employees are note entirely powerless; they do contribute and shape activities in the group in various ways. If a group is to be highly effective and successful every member needs to contribute and play a part form start to finish, but more power usually concentrated in the hands of the leader. Different leaders have different forms of power; reward, coercive, legitimate, referent and expert power. Reward power is formed on the leader having the skill to reward group members for getting instructions done and achieving set goals. Employees are more likely to work harder if they know their efforts will be recognised and rewarded. Rewards could include promotion, pay rise or a bonus. Reward power is highly used in the workforce as a form of disciplining and motivating employees. Coercive power is formed on the leaders capability to make subordinates accountable for not achieving objectives or getting their job done on time. Through coercive power subordinates are aware that failure to meet job requirements might lead to tell off or job loss. Legitimate power is a form of formal authority, it usually comes with the job. Under legitimate power employees recognize the fact that the leader has the authority to exercise influence over them. In many cases employees are obliged to accept this power and failure to concur will mostly result in them being reprimanded or made redundant. Expert power is formed on the principle that the leader has the significant skills and expertise that other members in the group do not. Subordinates are more likely to respect, accept and acknowledge the leaders authority and leadership if they are know he/she is more experienced that there are in that field. Referent power comes from the other group members desire to be like their leader. This type of leadership usually links with charismatic and pragmatic leaders. James A F Stoner notes that possession of some or all of [the above powers] does not guarantee the ability to influence particular individuals in specific ways. A leader may have subordinates approbation as a specialist but still fails to motivate or make them more corporative in the workforce. A good leader must have the capacity and skills to draw upon and use the various forms of power to be able to influence employees. Good leaders must possess the power of influence if employees are to do the work that is required of them, on schedule and in some cases on budget. As a individual a leader must be able to look ahead, identify how to get ahead and guide colleagues ahead. For a leader to be successful according to Tim Hannagan he/she must share common goals with those around or have the skills to steer group members towards their way of thinking. Employees must intern momentarily give up their own views in favour of the leaders and the rest of the group, listening to other group members and compromising. Although employees go about different ways in achieving company objectives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they accede to the preferences of the leader in exchange for the rewards they expect to receive as a result. Tim Hannagan 2005. Effective leaders motivate their employees by convincing them that the aims set for them is the best way to get the job done and will provide a better result. Happy employees work hard and are more likely to achieve the common objectives of the business or group. Leaders are in charge of employees under them therefore responsible for them and their actions in the workforce there are held accountable for the success and failure of their team. The accountability makes it comparative that the leader makes the best decisions, manages the team and communicates effectively with employees in such a way that action is taken and unneeded costly mistakes that could cost the leader, team members or the organisation avoided. Leadership involves avoiding obstacles and if they should arise overcoming them in the most cost effective way possible. The business environment as shown by the unexpected financial crisis is very unpredictable, so leaders need to be pragmatic and innovative if there are to survive and stay on top is an economic, technological and social environment that forever changing. The 21st century static business environment is rapidly changing and leaders need to evolve with the times if there are to retain employees and be successful. According to Hannagan leadership can be seen as performing the influencing function of management largely involved with establishing gaols and motivating people to help achieve them. In management there are various leadership styles and different leaders fall under different styles. Good leaders tend to use a style of leadership in response to the workforce or situation concerned to achieve the best result possible. There are old and modern styles of leadership, including; Transactional, Transformational, Participative and Situational Leadership. 1.Situational Leadership Situational leadership is ..an approach to determining the most effective style of influencing, considering the direction and support a leader gives, and the readiness of followers to perform particular tasks. David Buchanan, 2004. Situational leaders should be able to change their leadership style in response to the teams developing or changing behaviour, for example experience or willingness to accept responsibility. Blanchard and Heresy (1982) believe the maturity of the employee determine the leadership style of the leader, they believe that employer and employee relationship move through four stage. As employees become more experienced and skilled, the employer will need to change his style of leadership to motivate and take advantage of employees new found skills to make the team more effective, The Situational Model of Leadership SOURCE : OBNotes.HTM by WILF H. RATZBURG D1: LOW COMPETENCE HIGH COMMITMENT D2: SOME COMPETENCE LOW COMMITMENT D3: HIGH COMPETENCE VARIABLE COMMITMENT D4: HIGH COMPETENCE HIGH COMMITMENT As the diagram above shows the situational model of leadership has four stages : Phase 1 Directing . New subordinates are instructed in their tasks and the corporations procedures and rules. In the initial phase employees are given a lot of tasks by the leader. Subordinates are trained in their tasks as they are being familiarised to the organisation. They are told what to do, when and how to do given tasks. this is arguably a good and effective way to introduce new employees as a non directive [leader] would cause anxiety and confusion in new.. employees whilst a participatory, high relationship behaviour approach would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦be inappropriate at this stage because the [employee] requires structure. James A.F Stoner, 1995. Phase 2 Coaching. In phase two there is more relationship behaviour than in stage one as subordinates become more accustomed to their job and the business. In this stage the participatory leadership style can be adopted as employees are considered to want more responsibility. Employees are more likely to seek more responsibility as they have become accustomed to the environment including how their leader wants tasks handled and completed. Task behaviour however remains necessary as employees still need structure to complete their work. The leaders trust and support for subordinates will increase at this stage as the leader becomes familiar with the team and wishes to encourage their efforts further. Phase 3 Participating. At this stage subordinates are more skilled and achievement motivation becomes mote noticeable which will lead to subordinates seeking more responsibility. As the employees become more experienced the leader will no longer need to strictly direct employees, in most cases skilled employees dislike autocratic leaders as they feel there are experienced enough to carry out certain task without strict supervision. There is a lot of interaction and support but little direction and task behaviour. The leader should however continually motivate employees by being supportive and considerate, if he/she is to bring out the best of employees. Phase 4 Delegating. High levels of delegation from the leader as employees are more confident, experienced and self-directing. Kenneth and Heresy feel that at this stage an employee no longer expect direction from their leader. There is less task or relationship behaviour. Under this leadership style leaders should constantly assess employee experience, motivation and ability to decide on which style is appropriate under changing conditions. If the leader chooses the most effective style there should be able to develop subordinates professionally and at the same time motivating them. The ability to be able to shift leadership styles is arguably a skill any good leader should possess as leaders are faced with different evolving situations on a daily bases. Leaders who are trained to flexibly use various leadership styles when faced with changing situations use the situational leadership style effectively as they know when to adapt or change to a different style. Leaders who are not trained to be flexible are likely to be more effective in situations that match their style of leadership. Failure to adapt will cause the leaders team to lack direction and to be less effective than if they had a flexible leader. 2. Participative leadership Participative leaders have total trust and confidence in employees. Leaders will always ask employees for ideas and opinions and then constructively use the ideas to further the groups or the organisations success. There is a lot of communication between the leader and employees and employees will be rewarded for their participation in the group. Being involved in the process of decision making help motivate and make employees more committed to their job and the business. When faced with unexpected problems employees are more willing to help as they no their input will be taken into account. Involving a group of people in the decision making ensures a better outcome, as suggestions are thoroughly analysed before the final decision is reached. Group decision making also unites employees as the social commitment amongst the group members is greater. Employees are more likely to corporate and come up with new ideas if they feel comfortable with the people around them. Leaders who adopt this style of leadership when operating usually have the greatest success as leaders. Businesses that use the participative style of leadership could be said to be the most successful in setting goals and achieving them and are also usually more productive. The success is due to the degree of participation and the maintenance of employee support for one another and from the leader. Participative leaders can improve the businesses effectiveness by using the skills, experience and knowledge of the workforce. Employees who feel and are involved setting business standards are more likely to feel ownership for the decisions made and tend to: Accept the legitimacy of decisions reached with their help; Accept change based on those decisions; Trust managers who ultimately ratify and implement decisions; Volunteer new and creative ideas and solutions. [David Buchanan 2004] It should be noted that it is the leaders choice to give or deny control to surbodinat6es under his control. Although an organisation might require their its leaders to use this type of leadership style, a manager might chose not to use it as effectively as they possibly can as they might feel involving subordinates in decision making might threaten their job position. The level of employee participation also depends on the sort of decision being made. Subordinates are usually involved when deciding on how to put goals into action, whereas employee evaluation on those decisions is done by the leader. Participative leadership is highly democratic and empowers employees. 3. Transactional leadership A transactional leader is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a leader who treats relationships with [employees] in terms of an exchange, giving [employees] what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. Transactional leaders perceive their association with employees in terms of bargains; they believe that employees are motivated by reward and punishment and not their willingness to work. Transactional leaders aim to create clear structures, where employees know exactly what they are expected to do. These type of leaders believe that social system are more effective with a clear chain of command, when employee are expected to yield all authority to their leader. Leaders who use this leadership style decide what subordinates need to do to attain their own and the corporations aims and objectives and help subordinates become confident in believing they can achieve the set aims and objectives through hard work, but employees are expected to do what they are told by the leader in all cases. Failure to comply with leaders instructions will lead to formal discipline which might result in job loss. As soon as a potential employee becomes an employee it becomes transparent the leader is in charge and in control. Employees who are successful under transactional leaders are usually the ones that follow orders Transactional leaders deem employees to be completely responsible for their work despite their skills, experience or resources. Subordinates are expected to take full responsibility for their work, success will be recognised and rewarded while failure is seen to be personally the subordinates fault despite internal or external influences that might have contributed to objectives not being met. Leader who use this type of leadership style believe that employees require little attention if they are meeting expectations or operating as expected. There is a variety of leaders that use this type of leadership. The leadership style might be effective with employees who are used to an autocratic leadership style and who work well under strictly structured conditions. The success of the leader is assured when the leadership style aligns with the work environment. Employees who are highly skilled and experienced are likely to despise and be unhappy under this type of leadership if it is constantly being used by the manager as they might feel they have more to offer to the business and will therefore despise being constantly told how to their job. Unhappy workers are unlikely to perform to the best of their ability and find a new job else where. .

Lightning Never Strikes Twice :: essays research papers

Lightning Never Strikes Twice A few miles off the cost of Cape Cod, sits the island of Nantucket. On this island, during the 1600’s lived the Haley family. Tom Haley was the only tobacco farmer on the island and due to this fact they were extremely wealthy. Their estate was the largest on Nantucket and was located right over a beautiful cliff. Tom and his wife Janice ate breakfast every morning at 6:00am everyday with their son Garnet. Late Thursday night a storm was getting very close to their house until a bright fist from the heavens stroked down on their chimney and collapsing the house, killing the entire Haley family. As the legend of the family goes their souls were not able to escape the rubble and float into the sky. Therefore their soul will inhabit the house until their able to escape. Their souls will reside there until they find another soul to watch over the house. Three months ago. Steve Windmere a wealthy young CEO of AT&T is driving around Nantucket looking for a new house to settle in. When he comes across the most beautiful house he has ever seen. He loved every bit of it from the aged gray shingles to the pealing paint off the white shutters. With a happy surprise he sees a Murrey’s real estate sign. As fast as he can he looked at the address, "52 Cliff road" he says to himself. He rushes to his car and drives to Murrey’s real estate office on Main Street. He signs up to buy the house right away. Of course everyone working there has a greedy look in his or her eyes while Steve signs the contract. Being so self-centered as he is he doesn’t even notice. Steve could smell the sweat falling from the agents. They were so nervous most of them had to leave, they couldn’t believe that they were actually going to sell the old Haley residents. When he was finished he stepped out on to Main Street and sa w a mysterious man sitting up against the brick wall of the real estate office. The mysterious man got up and walked toward Steve and said, "looks like you just bought more than you bargained for." Laughing he walked away into a fog that seemed to appear out of nowhere, confused and baffled Steve just walked across the street to Something Natural to have lunch.

English Elizabethan Novels

The Elizabethan period is primarily known for its drama and poetry rather than its prose fiction, particularly since the advent of the English novel proper does not occur for another century. However, critics have increasingly stressed the importance of prose fiction in the seventeenth century and its role in the development of the novel. Several factors have played an important role in the emergence of the Elizabethan romance. One of the most significant factors in the development of the romance—the most popular form of prose fiction in this period—was the translation of ancient Greek romances into the vernacular. The popularity of these stories influenced members of the university-educated class to create their own stories, albeit with the same Greek plots, pastoral settings, and emphasis on literary wit. The first important milestone of the age was John Lyly's Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). In this work Lyly developed euphuism, a style of writing which emphasizes rhythm over content and makes extensive use of alliteration, assonance, metaphor, and classical allusion. Many lesser authors imitated this style, which became a defining element of the period. In contrast to Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1590), generally thought of as one of the most significant and well-written romances of the time, attempted to create more natural dialogue. Despite this difference, for his plot, style, and setting Sidney is also indebted to Greek literature. Robert Greene, one of the most prolific writers of the period, took his plots directly from Greek romance as well. Sometimes basing his stories in part on his own experiences, Greene wrote more than twenty popular romances including Card of Fancy (1584). Thomas Nashe was influenced by a different source, the picaresque novels of Spain. In these stories the hero, or picaro, is a man of no social standing who is free to travel and engage in adventures. Nashe's most famous works are The Unfortunate Travelor or the Life of Jack Wilton (1594) and The Terrors of the Night (1594). Elizabethan society itself underwent numerous and significant developments during this period, including changes in the social structure of London, a rapid rise in literacy rates, a growing middle class, and the emergence of literate bourgeois tradesmen. These changes are reflected in the content and quantity of prose fiction that was produced during the seventeenth century. Aiming at the growing middle-class audience, many writers imitated best-selling authors and turned out formula romances. The works of the former tradesman Thomas Deloney, including The Pleasant History of John Winchomb in his Younger Years Called Jack of Newbury (1597), for example, were more realistic in plot and setting than other works of the period and probably, according to scholars, created a sense of familiarity among his readers. This focus on the emerging bourgeois class, both as an audience for and a subject of fiction, played a significant role in the emergence of the English novel in the eighteenth

Cryonic essays

Cryonic essays Have you ever thought about living one hundred years or more from now? If current beliefs are proven to be possible it may be a possibility in the future. Alcor, a life extension foundation, claims that Cryonics may make it possible for people who die to be revived in the future. Just think about it, you could get to see how present problems were solved in the future. The only catch is that Cryonics may cause more problems than it can solve in the future. Cryonics is the process of freezing body parts and organs for future use. At this time they are doing whole body and neurosuspensions. As soon as heartbeat and breathing in a member who has paid for this procedure cease, a transport team from Alcor takes over the care of the patient. Circulation and breathing are artificially restored and the patient is cooled and transported to Alcor's facilities. The patient is treated with drugs to minimize freezing injury and is then further cooled to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (-320F, -196C) (Alcor, 1). Neurosuspensions are the freezing of the human head and brain. The reason for doing this is because it is much cheaper and they feel that all other body parts are replaceable by transplant. Alcor charges $50,000 for neurosuspensions and $120,000 for whole body suspensions (Alcor, 27). The first thing to understand when discussing cryonics is what exactly cryonics is. Cryonics and cryogenics are not the same thing. Cryogenics is the general branch of physics and technology that deals with cold temperatures. Cryonics is specifically using cold temperatures to freeze human beings that have just been declared legally dead for possible repair and revival in the future. (Morgan, p.50) The preservation procedure is not just simply putting someone in a freezer until they can come out. Conventional freezing of tissues and organs is quite destructive. When cells are subjected to slow freezing, large ice crystals form in the ...

How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essays

How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essays How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essay How does the temperature of a squash ball affects the impact time of the ball drops from a certain height Essay If is greater with impact time being constant, the average must be greater. When temperature of the squash ball is low, it is quite soft and easy to be deformed. The impact time is hypothesized to be longer. As temperature increases, the squash ball will become more rigid and deform less. The impact time is hypothesized to be shorter. Since, when the impact time is smaller with net force being constant, the average force must be greater. Therefore, with the two effects, the average force of the impact is hypothesized to be greater when temperature increases.Method and materials.Experiment (a)Since there is originally no any equipment that can measure the extremely short impact time, therefore I had to develop several ideas to measure the time. These are the six possible solutions:1. Stroboscopic photosThe negative is put under long exposure. And the experiment is supposed to be performed in a dark room otherwise the negative will be over expose. Stroboscope is needed to give the flas hes at a very high frequency. Under which, the images of the falling ball including the impacting period will be taken. We will then count the numbers of images that are touching the ground (impact period). With the frequency shown on the stroboscope, we can then calculate the impact time of the squash ball.However there is limitation of the experiment. The impacting images may pack too close to each other that we cannot distinguish the number of them and fail to calculate the correct value.Moreover stroboscopic photos are difficult to be taken well. It requires skill to control the exposure so that the photos taken will not be too bright or too dark for observation. Therefore the suggestion was abandoned.2. Ultrasonic position sensor (UPS)Place a UPS on the ground; drop the ball from certain height to it. The UPS is connected to a computer for receiving data. A graph of distance against time will be plotted automatically. By observing the length of time when the distance is at zero , we can know the impact time of the ball.However, later I acknowledged that the speed of the ultrasonic waves is not fast enough to measure the fast dropping object to give accurate results. Therefore the suggestion was abandoned.3. Conduction sensorFix a piece of foil on a dense plate (cutting board), on the surface place another piece of foil closely but without touching the first one. Both foils are connected to a scalar timer with wires. The ball is then dropped onto the upper foil, pressing the foil and closing the circuit. When the ball rebounds, the upper foil releases and disconnects the circuit. The impact time can be indirectly collected from the conduction time. As this experiment was easier to perform, I used the set up to find a rough impact time of about 0.01s~0.05s. This result can be then used as a assumption value for other suggestion.However, it was suggested that the upper foil may obstruct the falling speed of the ball. This leads to an experimental error of the results. Moreover after the ball rebounds and leaves the upper foil, the foil may still in touch with the lower foil due to deformation. The impact time we get may be over estimated.4. Light sensorSet up a light sensor on the table with the light beam just situate above the table surface. Then drop the ball to cut the beam. The time that the light sensor obtains is the impact time.However, as the light beam has finite thickness, it is not accurate enough to measure the impact time. The ball may cut the beam too early and leave too late which over estimate the impact time. Furthermore, it is difficult to ensure the ball drop exactly to the light beam by its lowest point. The results may not be accurate.5. Formula and calculationFirst we need to measure the dropping height, e.g. A cm. Then we drop the ball and at the same time start to count the time using a timer. When the ball rebounds to the highest point we stop the timer and at the same time record the highest point it reaches, e.g. B cm. let the total time for the process be C seconds. From the formula s=ut +(1/2) at2. We then substitute distances B and C to find out the time need for dropping and rebounding.But deficiencies are still being found for this alternative. There is reaction time error in working the timer. The reaction error is even larger than the impact time. Also, the highest point the ball reaches may not be accurately detected. So the measurement is considered not working.6. Digital-video camera approachUse the camera to take the impacting images of the ball. Then replay the film to find out the time of impact. As we found out that the impact time is around 0.03Final decisionAfter series of consideration, I made the final choice to use the option 3. Despite its limitation that may lead to over estimation of results, I found the problems that may occur in No.3 least essential. Moreover stretching the upper foil a little can reduce the deformation of the upper foil. So this measuring method was selected.Experimental set up.In the experiment I prepared the following material for the setting up.MaterialsKettle, clamp, chopsticks, squash balls, stand, towel, scalar timer, aluminium foil, aluminium tape, plastic tape, wire, clips, cutting board, a pack of unused paper card.MethodsFirst of all, Impact Time Measuring Device (ITMD) was made as core of the set up:Aluminium foil was stuck to the cutting board until its upper surface was completely filled up by the tape. I then check the conduction of the foil to ensure no gaps between each strip of tape. Then an 8x8cm2 hole was made from 10x10cm2 paper card. A piece of 8x9cm2 foil was then stretched on the middle of the hole. Then I used tape to fix the foil on two ends of the hole. The paper card with the foil on top was put onto the upper surface (with foil) of the cutting without the two piece of aluminium touching each other. Then both foils were connected to two separated wires with crocodile clips and the wires were conn ected to the scalar timer. The ITMD was finished.In order to test if the ITMD was reliable, I performed several dropping test for checking. Firstly I dropped the ball at room temperature of height 140 cm; unfortunately the results each time collected were not consistent. They had differences of about 50% to 200%. Therefore I changed the setting of the paper card. I used a larger piece of foil (99 cm2) and stretched it to the four end of the paper hole. The later tests showed improvement as the differences drop to about 20% to 60%. And I thought that it may due the deformation of foil that the two foils still pressed to each other when the ball left. So I stuck another piece of paper card with hole just right beneath the original one. It was done to increase the distance between the two foils by about 0.5mm so that they are more likely to separate after the ball has left. The tests followed were more coherent as their differences were just about 10 % to 20%. Then I varies the droppin g height to see if the measurer could detect the time different (room temperature). It showed an increasing trend of impact time when the dropping height increase. That proved that it senses changes.The kettle was then used to boil the water for heating up squash balls; however it is not convenient to do in this way, so I changed to use a water bath instead. With the water bath, I could then adjust the temperature I want easily. Clamps were used to release the balls instead of the chopsticks. Firstly stand with clamp were put on the lab table. I measured 130 cm from the bottom of the ball in the clamp vertically to the centre of the cutting board. Then the squash balls were first immersed into water of 20.2oC for 10 minutes to ensure the balls were have same temperature as water. Then I used the clamp to take one from the water bath, quickly dried it with towel and transferred to the clamp on the stand, released it to the centre of the paper. Then I repeated the procedure by another nine times to collect ten data at that temperature. In between, I recorded the impact time from the scalar timer. After that I continued the experiment with an increase of 10 oC until it reached 100 oC. For the handling of hot balls, working gloves were needed.Experiment (b)MaterialsClamp, squash balls, stand, towel, scalar timer, aluminium foil, aluminium tape, plastic tape, wire, clips, cutting board, a pack of unused paper card, water bath, working gloves.1. Same platform (cutting board with paper card) in experiment (b) was used to make the condition of two experiments more constant. Pieces of blank papers were first placed along the drop ping track of the ball on the side of the lab table. The balls were taken from the water bath of the temperatures as Experiment (b), dried, transferred to clamp and dropped to the cutting board quickly. The highest points it reached after the rebound were marked onto the papers. I repeated ten times for each temperature. Finally measuring tape was used to measure the rebound height of each temperature.Data CollectionDropping Height=130.0 + 0.1cm1. Temperature=20.2 + 0.4 o CTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm1818.218.218.418.418.418.618.8191918.5+0.2Impact time/0.001s191920202020212224240.0209Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (18+18.22+18.43+18.6+18.8+192)/10 = 18.5 cm + 0.2cmUncertainty =Mean impact time =Uncertainty =2. Temperature=30.0+0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm27.227.427.427.427.827.828.428.428.628.627.9Impact time/0.001s161920202021222324240.0209Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (27.2+27.43+27.82+28.42+28.62)/10 = 27.9 + 0.2 cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = (20.9 + 1.3) 10-3sUncertainty =3. Temperature = 40.0+ 0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm35.835.836.336.436.436.436.436.436.636.836.3Impact time/0.001s1719202121212222232421Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (35.82+36.3+36.45+36.6+36.8)/10 = 36.3+0.2cmUncertainty =Mean impact time =( 21+1.1) 10-3sUncertainty =4. Temperature = 50.0+0.4oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm4144.644.844.844.844.8454545.445.644.6Impact time/0.001s1819191920212223232420.8Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (41.0+44.6+44.84+45.02+45.4+45.6)/10 = 44.6+ 0.7cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = (20.8+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =Trial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm51.651.851.8525252.252.252.652.65452.3Impact time/0.001s1719192021212121222320.45. Temperature = 60.0+0.4oCUncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (51.6+51.82+522+52.22+52.62+54)/10 = 52.3+0.4cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time = (20.4+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =6. Temperature = 70.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm60.460.660.661.661.861.862.662.662.863.261.8Impact time/0.001s1619192020202121222420.2Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (60.4+60.62+61.6+61.8+62.62+62.8+63.2)/10=61.8+0. 4cmUncertainty =Mean impact time= average time = (20.2+1.3) 10-3sUncertainty =7. Temperature = 80.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm6868.869.269.269.870.670.871.672.673.670.4Impact time/0.001s1717182121212222232320.5Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (68.0+68.8+69.2+69.8+70.6+70.8+71.6+72.6+73.6)/10 = 70.4+0.9cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time =( 20.5+0.8) 10-3sUncertainty =8. Temperature = 90.0+0.4 oCTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm74.674.876.8777777.677.877.878.478.877.1Impact time/0.001s161920202021212223251.4Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (74.6+74.8+76.8+772+77.6+77.8+78.4+78.8)/10 = 77.1+0.7cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time = (20.7+1.4) 10-3sUncertainty =9. Temperature = 100.0+0.4 o CTrial12345678910MeanRebound height/cm8080.880.881.48282.682.882.883.48482.1Impact time/0.001s1920202020232121212521Uncertainty of height=0.1cm Uncertainty of time=0.001sMean height = (80.0 +80.82+81.4+82+82.6+82.82+83.4+84)/10 = 82.1+0.6cmUncertainty =Mean impact time = average time =(21+0.9) 10-3sUncertainty =ObservationThe size of the squash ball increased as temperature increased.At high temperatures ;80 oC, the surface of the squash ball became rough as some of the rubber skin of the squash ball was boil away.AnalysisThe impact time against the temperature:Unlike my hypothesis, the result of the impact time of the ball showed no obvious change when temperature increased. Moreover the pattern of the trend was not the way I thought where it was hypothesized to increase as temperature increase.The graph of rebound height against temperature:The rebound height showed obvious increase as temperature. The results fit with the hypothesis. The rate of increase of rebound height was quite constant from temperature 20 o C to 80 o C. Then it started to decrease from temperature 80 o C to 100 o C.At the time of impact, the force diagram of the ball is like this:There were two forces acting on the ball, one is the normal force acted by the ground, the other one is the gravitational force acted by the earth. Since net force of the ball, therefore the force acted by the groundTemperature of squash ball / o C20.230405060708090100Average force acted on the squash ball by the ground /N7.98.48.79.19.59.910.110.210.2From the graph of force acted on the ball against temperature. I found that the highest increase rate of force occurring at temperature at around 20-30o C, high increase rate continued from 20-65 o C. The rate of increase slowly decreased as it approached temperature greater than 70 o C and finally showed no change around 100 o C. By drawing a line of symmetry from the top of the trend line, we could observe that the highest average force the ground acting on the ball to be about 10.2N.DiscussionAverage forceAs stated , the graph showed a maximum average of ~10.2N. It suggested that if the velocity of the squash ball is hold constant, the average fo rce that can be exerted to a squash ball by a stationary impacting surface will be at maximum when temperature around 95o C.However the average force will not drop to zero when temperature drops to absolute zero. Since the average force acted on the ball by the ground , it is always ;0 because the velocity of the ball is changing. According to the Newtons first law of motion, every body continues on it state of rest of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero force. At the point of impact, the ball accelerates upward. The only force that points upward is the normal force by the ground. Although there may be a possibility that the ball drops and sticks to the ground at extreme low temperature, causing the ?t to be infinite, but still there is the opposing force acts by the ground again the weight of the ball. So the average force by the ground must at least equal to 9.810.023 which is ~0.23N.In addition, the rate of increase of average force acted by the ground i s believed to fall at the lower temperature. As shown in the graph above, the trend line is pointing toward zero at temperature-273. We have explained that the trend will not be zero even when the temperature is -273. One possible way will be a turning point located somewhere between -273 to 20o C. And if there is a turning at that certain point, the rate of increase must be lower at that point.Rebound heightThe rate of increase of rebound is quite constant until at 80 o C it decreased. Theoretically the trend line will approach 130cm when temperature goes to infinity. However it is not possible because squash ball will melt at high temperature. For the low extreme, the squash may not rebound properly as the low temperature may constrict the plastic layer of squash ball, making it deforms, losing it quality. It is just a prediction and is difficult to perform in the school lab.Impact timeThe impact time showed no relation with the range of temperature set for experiment. The set up may not be sensitive to sense the different.Relation of force and energy at the impactThe potential energy of the ball was changed to kinetic energy before the impact; some of the energy was lost to the air friction. At the impact, some of the kinetic energy was transferred to heat energy of the ground and the ball. Some of it was transferred to the sound energy. It lost his energy and rebounded to a lower height. Those energy did lose in the impact was transferred to build up the shear modulus (elastic energy) of the ball. The greater the elastic energy is the higher the ball rebound.Evaluation of the experimentThe experiment was considered successful as the data showed a direct relationship between average force and temperature of the squash ball and a decreasing rate of increase of average force when the temperature increases. However the impact times collected were about the same which contradicted to my hypothesis. They were not even in sequence. That may due to the deficiency of the experimental set up. The foils might still connect together a short time after the ball had left. Although the time is short compared to the impact time, it changed for every impact. Therefore the impact time I got was not in a trend but about the length. it may also due to the insensitivity of the set up. After all I still managed to get the approximate impact time for the calculation of average force.For the rebound height experiment, it was quite good. There was little problem such as the imprecise way of recording rebounding height by using eye observation.On the whole, there were many systematic errors in both experiments that may affect the results. For examples, the size of the ball increased as temperature increased, it might have increased the impact time of the ball due to larger impacting area. It was possible to be the reasons for the unsuccessful for the impact time results. This might also affect the rebound height of the experiment.The foil on the cutting board reduced the velocity before impact. It might have reduced the rebound height and the impact time of the ball. The average force might have been over estimated or under estimated depends on the extent of reduction of the rebound height and impact time.Heat lost rate increased as temperature of ball increased. That suggested that the rebound height should be at the lower temperature. The rebound heights were over estimated for the higher temperature. The impact times were also affected in a certain degree.ImprovementRenew the upper foil whenever it deforms to avoid over estimation of impact time. However it may be inconvenient.Change to another method in measuring the impact time. e.g. light sensor.For the measuring of the rebound height, we can ask a partner to observe the rebound ball at the same level to improve accuracy. We can also do more repetitions for more data.Drop the squash balls directly without transferring them to the clamp on the stand. However high delicacy is need t o ensure the dropping height is right and not initial force is applied to the ball.ConclusionThe results of the experiment stated that there are changes of average force acted on the ball by the impact surface with the velocity of ball hold constant. The maximum average force will be reached at temperature around 95oC. This proved that the hypothesis to be true. However the hypothesis for the impact time was not proven to be true as the set up was appropriate enough to measure the data accurately.Nevertheless, the result still showed the rate of increase in average force of impact at different. By using the data we can know that at what temperature does the squash ball work most effectively with the smallest force given. The data can also be useful for the manufacture of squash ball.

Theories Regarding the Nature of Organizational Culture Research Paper - 1

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Climate Condition of Last Deglaciation Research Paper

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